REFERENCES
CANNABIS EFFECTIVENESS PEER REVIEWED STUDIES
For a great initial review of The Literature Go To http://norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=7002
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x/pdf
Legal Links
- Medical Board of CA, Statement on Medical Cannabis
- Dr. Andrew Weil: Medical Cannabis in Play?
- National Academy of Sciences: Cannabis & Medicine
- Canorml.org – National Organization to Reform Cannabis Laws – California
- Norml.org National Organization to Reform Cannabis Laws
- Safe Access Now – Americans for Safe Access
- Mpp.org – Cannabis Policy Project
- Attorney General Guidelines
Educational Documents
- American College of Physicians – Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Cannabis
- ACNP Symposium Summary
- Journal of Pyschopharmacology – Cannabis Antagonists
- Neuroendocrinology Letters – Endocannabinoid Deficiency by Ethan Russo
- Neuroendocrinology Letters – Pharmacology of Cannabinoids by Franjo Grotenhermen
- University of Colorado Biology Department: Endocannabinoids by Robert Melamede
- Indications for Cannabinoids
- Cannabis and Psychosis??
- Cannabis and Insomnia
Mar. 1, 2011
European Journal of Neurology
Aug. 30, 2010
Canadian Medical Association Journal
Nov. 6, 2009
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
Aug. 2008
Neuropsychopharmacology
Vol. 34
Pages 672-680
June 2008
Journal of Pain
Vol. 9, Issue 6,
Pages 505-521
Mar. 2007
European Journal of Neurology
Vol. 14, No. 3,
Page 290
Feb. 13, 2007
Neurology
Vol. 68, Pages 515-521
Sep. 2005
Neurology
Vol. 65, Issue 6, Pages 812-819
Dec. 2004
Pain
Vol. 112, Issue 3, Pages 299-306
Aug. 2004
Multiple Sclerosis
Vol. 10, Issue 4, Pages 434-441
Aug. 2004
Multiple Sclerosis
Vol. 10, Issue 4, Pages 417-424
Feb. 2003
Clinical Rehabilitation
Vol. 17, Pages 18-26
Dec. 25, 2007
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
Vol. 100, Number 1, Page 51
Aug. 15, 2007
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
Vol. 45, Number 5, Pages 545-554
Feb. 2005
Journal of Neuroscience
Vol. 25 Issue 8, Pages 1904-1913
Sep. 2004
Movement Disorders
Vol. 19, Issue 9, Pages 1102-1106
Aug. 2004
Multiple Sclerosis
Vol. 10, Issue 4, Pages 425-433
Oct. 2003
Nature Reviews – Cancer
Vol. 3 Oct. 2003 pp. 745-755
Aug. 2003
Annals of Internal Medicine
Vol. 139, Issue 4, Pages 258-266
Mar. 2003
Pain
Vol. 102, Issue 1-2, Pages 211-216
Jan. 2002
Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics
Nov. 2001
International Journal of Drug Policy
Vol. 12, Issue 5-6, Pages 377-383
July 2001
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior
Vol. 69, Issue 3-4, Pages 343-350
Apr. 2001
Nature
Vol. 410, Issue 6830, Page 763
2001
Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics
Vol. 1, Issue 3/4, Pages 183-205
Dec. 1998
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Vol. 98, Issue 6, Pages 502-506
Apr. – June 1998
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
Vol. 30, Issue 2, Pages 171-177
1997
European Neurology
Vol. 38, Issue 1, pages 44-48
July 1991
American Journal of Clinical Oncology
Vol. 9, Issue 7, Pages 1314-1319
Oct. 2005
Journal of Clinical Investigation
10.1172/JCI25509
May 2005
Nature Medicine
doi:10.1038/nm1255
Sep. 2004
Neuropharmacology
Vol. 47, Issue 3, p. 315-323
Jan. 2003
Journal of Clinical Investigation
111:43-50
Rubio M, Villain H, Docagne F, Roussel BD, Ramos JA, et al. (2011) Pharmacological Activation/Inhibition of the Cannabinoid System Affects Alcohol Withdrawal-Induced Neuronal Hypersensitivity to Excitotoxic Insults. PLoS ONE 6(8): e23690. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023690
FOLLOWING GROUP ARE REFERENCED FROM DR. ETHAN RUSSO:
Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects
BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
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International Cannabinoid Research Society: Pheasant Run, St. Charles, IL, p. 28. Bisogno T, Hanus L, De Petrocellis L, Tchilibon S, Ponde DE, Brandi I et al. (2001). Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide. Br J Pharmacol 134: 845–852. Bisset NG, Wichtl M (2004). Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on A Scientific Basis, 3rd edn. Medpharm Scientific Publishers: Stuttgart; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL. Bloor RN, Wang TS, Spanel P, Smith D (2008). Ammonia release from heated ‘street’ cannabis leaf and its potential toxic effects on cannabis users. Addiction 103: 1671–1677. Bohlmann J, Meyer-Gauen G, Croteau R (1998). Plant terpenoid synthases: molecular biology and phylogenetic analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 4126–4133. Bolognini D, Costa B, Maione S, Comelli F, Marini P, Di Marzo V et al. (2010). 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Crippa JA, Zuardi AW, Hallak JE (2010). [Therapeutical use of the cannabinoids in psychiatry]. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 32 (Suppl. 1): S56–S66. Crippa JA, Derenusson GN, Ferrari TB, Wichert-Ana L, Duran F, Marti NSRO et al. (2011). Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: a preliminary report. J Psychopharmacol 25: 121–130. Croteau R (1987). Biosynthesis and catabolism of monoterpenoids. Chem Rev 87: 929–954. De Oliveira AC, Ribeiro-Pinto LF, Paumgartten JR (1997). In vitro inhibition of CYP2B1 monooxygenase by beta-myrcene and other monoterpenoid compounds. Toxicol Lett 92: 39–46. D’Souza DC, Perry E, MacDougall L, Ammerman Y, Cooper T, Wu YT et al. (2004). The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 29: 1558–1572. Davalos SD, Fournier G, Boucher F, Paris M (1977). [Contribution to the study of Mexican marihuana. Preliminary studies: cannabinoids and essential oil (author’s transl)]. J Pharm Belg 32: 89–99. Davis WM, Hatoum NS (1983). Neurobehavioral actions of cannabichromene and interactions with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Gen Pharmacol 14: 247–252. De Oliveira AC, Ribeiro-Pinto LF, Paumgartten JR (1997). In vitro inhibition of CYP2B1 monooxygenase by beta-myrcene and other monoterpenoid compounds. Toxicol Lett 92: 39–46. De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V (2010). Non-CB1, non-CB2 receptors for endocannabinoids, plant cannabinoids, and synthetic cannabimimetics: focus on G-protein-coupled receptors and transient receptor potential channels. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 5: 103–121. De Petrocellis L, Vellani V, Schiano-Moriello A, Marini P, Magherini PC, Orlando P et al. (2008). Plant-derived cannabinoids modulate the activity of transient receptor potential channels of ankyrin type-1 and melastatin type-8. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 325: 1007–1015. De Petrocellis L, Ligresti A, Moriello AS, Allara M, Bisogno T, Petrosino S et al. (2011). Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes. Br J Pharmacol DOI:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.0166.x Delgado P, Moreno F (1999). Antidepressants and the brain. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 14 (Suppl. 1): S9–16. Delong GT, Wolf CE, Poklis A, Lichtman AH (2010). Pharmacological evaluation of the natural constituent of Cannabis sativa, cannabichromene and its modulation by Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. Drug Alcohol Depend 112: 126–133. Denson TF, Earleywine M (2006). Decreased depression in cannabis users. Addict Behav 31: 738–742. Devane WA, Dysarz FA 3rd, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Howlett AC (1988). Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol 34: 605–613. Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Griffin G et al. (1992). Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258: 1946–1949. Deyo R, Musty R (2003). A cannabichromene (CBC) extract alters behavioral despair on the mouse tail suspension test of depression. Proceedings 2003 Symposium on the Cannabinoids. International Cannabinoid Research Society: Cornwall, ON, p. 146. Dirikoc S, Priola SA, Marella M, Zsurger N, Chabry J (2007). Nonpsychoactive cannabidiol prevents prion accumulation and protects neurons against prion toxicity. J Neurosci 27: 9537–9544. Dobrosi N, Toth BI, Nagy G, Dozsa A, Geczy T, Nagy G et al. (2008). Endocannabinoids enhance lipid synthesis and apoptosis of human sebocytes via cannabinoid receptor-2-mediated signaling. FASEB J 22: 3685–3695. Douthwaite AH (1947). Choice of drugs in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Br Med J 2: 43–47. Dreher M (2002). Crack heads and roots daughters: the therapeutic use of cannabis in Jamaica. J Cannabis Therap 2: 121–133. Duru ME, Cakir A, Kordali S, Zengin H, Harmandar M, Izumi S et al. (2003). Chemical composition and antifungal properties of essential oils of three Pistacia species. Fitoterapia 74: 170–176. Elisabetsky E, Marschner J, Souza DO (1995). Effects of Linalool on glutamatergic system in the rat cerebral cortex. Neurochem Res 20: 461–465. ElSohly HN, Turner CE, Clark AM, ElSohly MA (1982). Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of certain cannabichromene and cannabigerol related compounds. J Pharm Sci 71: 1319–1323. Esposito G, De Filippis D, Carnuccio R, Izzo AA, Iuvone T (2006a). The cannabis component cannabidiol inhibits beta-amyloid-induced tau protein hyperphosphorylation through Wnt/beta-catenin pathway rescue in PC12 cells. J Mol Med 84: 253–258. Esposito G, De Filippis D, Maiuri MC, De Stefano D, Carnuccio R, Iuvone T (2006b). Cannabidiol inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression and nitric oxide production in beta-amyloid stimulated PC12 neurons through p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB involvement. Neurosci Lett 399: 91–95. Eubanks LM, Rogers CJ, Beuscher AE 4th, Koob GF, Olson AJ, Dickerson TJ et al. (2006). A molecular link between the active component of cannabis and Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Mol Pharm 3: 773–777. Evans FJ (1991). Cannabinoids: the separation of central from peripheral effects on a structural basis. Planta Med 57: S60–S67. Fairbairn JW, Pickens JT (1981). Activity of cannabis in relation to its delta’-trans-tetrahydro-cannabinol content. Br J Pharmacol 72: 401–409. Falk AA, Hagberg MT, Lof AE, Wigaeus-Hjelm EM, Wang ZP (1990). Uptake, distribution and elimination of alpha-pinene in man after exposure by inhalation. Scand J Work Environ Health 16: 372–378. Falk-Filipsson A, Lof A, Hagberg M, Hjelm EW, Wang Z (1993). d-limonene exposure to humans by inhalation: uptake, distribution, elimination, and effects on the pulmonary function. J Toxicol Environ Health 38: 77–88. Fan X, Gates RA (2001). Degradation of monoterpenes in orange juice by gamma radiation. J Agric Food Chem 49: 2422–2426. Fan X, Sokorai KJ (2002). Changes in volatile compounds of gamma-irradiated fresh cilantro leaves during cold storage. J Agric Food Chem 50: 7622–7626. Farag RS, Shalaby AS, El-Baroty GA, Ibrahim NA, Ali MA, Hassan EM (2004). Chemical and biological evaluation of the essential oils of different Melaleuca species. Phytother Res 18: 30–35. Favrat B, Menetrey A, Augsburger M, Rothuizen L, Appenzeller M, Buclin T et al. (2005). Two cases of ‘cannabis acute psychosis’ following the administration of oral cannabis. BMC Psychiatry 5: 17.
CBD and Cancer
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20053780
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728591
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566064
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18833429
Tumor Studies:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18035205
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14617682
Clinical Trials:
http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=cannabidiol
http://www.cannabis-med.org/studies/ww_en_db_study_search.php
REFERENCES CITED BY GW PHARMACEUTICALS
Windholz et al., The Merck Index, Tenth Edition (1983) p. 241, abstract No. 1723.* . Mechoulam et al., "A Total Synthesis of d1-.DELTA..sup.1 -Tetrahydrocannabinol, the Active Constituent of Hashish.sup.1," Journal of the American Chemical Society, 87:14:3273-3275 (1965). . Mechoulam et al., "Chemical Basis of Hashish Activity," Science, 18:611-612 (1970). . Ottersen et al., "The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Cannabidiol," Acta Chem. Scand. B 31, 9:807-812 (1977). . Cunha et al., "Chronic Administration of Cannabidiol to Healthy Volunteers and Epileptic Patients.sup.1," Pharmacology, 21:175-185 (1980). . Consroe et al., "Acute and Chronic Antiepileptic Drug Effects in Audiogenic Seizure-Susceptible Rats," Experimental Neurology, Academic Press Inc., 70:626-637 (1980). . Turkanis et al., "Electrophysiologic Properties of the Cannabinoids," J. Clin. Pharmacol., 21:449S-463S (1981). . Carlini et al., "Hypnotic and Antielpileptic Effects of Cannabidiol," J. Clin. Pharmacol., 21:417S-427S (1981). . Karler et al., "The Cannabinoids as Potential Antiepileptics," J. Clin. Pharmacol., 21:437S-448S (1981). . Consroe et al., "Antiepileptic Potential of Cannabidiol Analgos," J. Clin. Pharmacol., 21:428S-436S (1981). . Colasanti et al., "Ocular Hypotension, Ocular Toxicity,a nd Neurotoxicity in Response to Marihuana Extract and Cannabidiol," Gen Pharm., Pergamon Press Ltd., 15(6):479-484 (1984). . Colasanti et al., "Intraocular Pressure, Ocular Toxicity and Neurotoxicity after Administration of Cannabinol or Cannabigerol," Exp. Eye Res., Academic Press Inc., 39:251-259 (1984). . Volfe et al., "Cannabinoids Block Release of Serotonin from Platelets Induced by Plasma frm Migraine Patients," Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Res., Bioscience Ediprint Inc., 4:243-246 (1985). . Agurell et al., "Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of .DELTA..sup.1 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and Other Cannabinoids with Emphasis on Man*," Pharmacological Reviews, 38(1):21-43 (1986). . Karler et al., "Different Cannabinoids Exhibit Different Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties,"NIDA Res. Monogr., 79:96-107 (1987). . Samara et al., "Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Dogs," Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 16(3):469-472 (1988). . Choi, "Glutamate Neurotoxicity and Diseases of the Nervous System," Neuron, Cell Press, 1:623-634 (1988). . Eshhar et al., "Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Activities of HU-211, A Novel NMDA Receptor Antagonist," European Journal of Pharmacology, 283:19-29 (1995). . Skaper et al., "The ALIAmide Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabinoids, but not Anandamide, are Protective in a Delayed Postglutamate Paradigm of Excitotoxic Death in Cerebellar Granule Neurons," Neurobiology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:3984-3989 (1996). . Alonso et al., "Simple Synthesis of 5-Substituted Resorcinols: A Revisited Family of Interesting Bioactive Molecules," J. Org. Chem., American Chemical Society, 62(2):417-421 (1997). . Combes et al. "A Simple Synthesis of the Natural 2,5-Dialkylresorcinol Free Radical Scavenger Antioxidant: Resorstation," Synthetic Communications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 27(21):3769-3778 (1997). . Shohami et al., "Oxidative Stress in Closed-Head Injury: Brain Antioxidant Capacity as an Indicator of Functional Outcome," Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 17(10):1007-1019 (1997). . Zurier et al., "Dimethylheptyl-THC-11 OIC Acid," Arthritis & Rheumatism, 41(1):163-170 (1998). . Hampson et al., "Dual Effects of Anandamide on NMDA Receptor-Mediated Responses and Neurotransmission," Journal of Neurochemistry, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 70(2):671-676 (1998). . Hampson et al., "Cannabidiol and (-).DELTA..sup.9 -tetrahydrocannabiono are Neuroprotective Antioxidants," Medical Sciences, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 8268-8273 (1998)..
Windholz et al., The Merck Index, Tenth Edition (1983) p. 241, abstract No. 1723.* . Mechoulam et al., "A Total Synthesis of d1-.DELTA..sup.1 -Tetrahydrocannabinol, the Active Constituent of Hashish.sup.1," Journal of the American Chemical Society, 87:14:3273-3275 (1965). . Mechoulam et al., "Chemical Basis of Hashish Activity," Science, 18:611-612 (1970). . Ottersen et al., "The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Cannabidiol," Acta Chem. Scand. B 31, 9:807-812 (1977). . Cunha et al., "Chronic Administration of Cannabidiol to Healthy Volunteers and Epileptic Patients.sup.1," Pharmacology, 21:175-185 (1980). . Consroe et al., "Acute and Chronic Antiepileptic Drug Effects in Audiogenic Seizure-Susceptible Rats," Experimental Neurology, Academic Press Inc., 70:626-637 (1980). . Turkanis et al., "Electrophysiologic Properties of the Cannabinoids," J. Clin. Pharmacol., 21:449S-463S (1981). . Carlini et al., "Hypnotic and Antielpileptic Effects of Cannabidiol," J. Clin. Pharmacol., 21:417S-427S (1981). . Karler et al., "The Cannabinoids as Potential Antiepileptics," J. Clin. Pharmacol., 21:437S-448S (1981). . Consroe et al., "Antiepileptic Potential of Cannabidiol Analgos," J. Clin. Pharmacol., 21:428S-436S (1981). . Colasanti et al., "Ocular Hypotension, Ocular Toxicity,a nd Neurotoxicity in Response to Marihuana Extract and Cannabidiol," Gen Pharm., Pergamon Press Ltd., 15(6):479-484 (1984). . Colasanti et al., "Intraocular Pressure, Ocular Toxicity and Neurotoxicity after Administration of Cannabinol or Cannabigerol," Exp. Eye Res., Academic Press Inc., 39:251-259 (1984). . Volfe et al., "Cannabinoids Block Release of Serotonin from Platelets Induced by Plasma frm Migraine Patients," Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Res., Bioscience Ediprint Inc., 4:243-246 (1985). . Agurell et al., "Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of .DELTA..sup.1 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and Other Cannabinoids with Emphasis on Man*," Pharmacological Reviews, 38(1):21-43 (1986). . Karler et al., "Different Cannabinoids Exhibit Different Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties,"NIDA Res. Monogr., 79:96-107 (1987). . Samara et al., "Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Dogs," Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 16(3):469-472 (1988). . Choi, "Glutamate Neurotoxicity and Diseases of the Nervous System," Neuron, Cell Press, 1:623-634 (1988). . Eshhar et al., "Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Activities of HU-211, A Novel NMDA Receptor Antagonist," European Journal of Pharmacology, 283:19-29 (1995). . Skaper et al., "The ALIAmide Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabinoids, but not Anandamide, are Protective in a Delayed Postglutamate Paradigm of Excitotoxic Death in Cerebellar Granule Neurons," Neurobiology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:3984-3989 (1996). . Alonso et al., "Simple Synthesis of 5-Substituted Resorcinols: A Revisited Family of Interesting Bioactive Molecules," J. Org. Chem., American Chemical Society, 62(2):417-421 (1997). . Combes et al. "A Simple Synthesis of the Natural 2,5-Dialkylresorcinol Free Radical Scavenger Antioxidant: Resorstation," Synthetic Communications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 27(21):3769-3778 (1997). . Shohami et al., "Oxidative Stress in Closed-Head Injury: Brain Antioxidant Capacity as an Indicator of Functional Outcome," Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 17(10):1007-1019 (1997). . Zurier et al., "Dimethylheptyl-THC-11 OIC Acid," Arthritis & Rheumatism, 41(1):163-170 (1998). . Hampson et al., "Dual Effects of Anandamide on NMDA Receptor-Mediated Responses and Neurotransmission," Journal of Neurochemistry, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 70(2):671-676 (1998). . Hampson et al., "Cannabidiol and (-).DELTA..sup.9 -tetrahydrocannabiono are Neuroprotective Antioxidants," Medical Sciences, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 8268-8273 (1998)..
http://www.cannabis-med.org/studies/study.php